The Alexander Memorial

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On April 29, 1879, a dedication ceremony took place at the Miller Chapel at Princeton University, New Jersey. Memorial tablets were installed to honor the legacy of six men, leaders of Princeton Theological Seminary, who served the Church of Christ with distinction. It was a solemn dedication but also a celebration.

Source: Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, May 17, 1879, p. 177.

Source: Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, May 17, 1879, p. 177.

The six men honored were: 1) Archibald Alexander (1772-1851); 2) James Waddel Alexander (1804-1859); 3) Joseph Addison Alexander (1809-1860); 4) Samuel Miller (1769-1850); 5) John Breckinridge (1797-1841); and 6) Charles Hodge (1797-1878).

Source: Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, May 17, 1879, p. 177.

Source: Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, May 17, 1879, p. 177.

A book was subsequently published which is known as The Alexander Memorial (1879), which included addresses delivered on this special occasion by William Maxwell Patton on Archibald Alexander; Theodore Ledyard Cuyler on James W. Alexander; and William Cassady Cattell on Joseph Addison Alexander. This work is not currently available on Log College Press, but it is a treasure that highlights the legacy of these luminaries from the Alexander family.

Paxton speaks of Archibald thus:

These tablets, as I understand them, put honor not only upon the names which they bear, but also upon the Alumni of Princeton Seminary.

They tell to the world how much we loved these men, and simply to love such men is our highest praise.

Archibald Alexander needs no tablet to perpetuate his name. There is his monument. Princeton Seminary is the record of his fame. He projected it, cradled it, nurtured it. He chose and gathered around him the honored associates who helped him make it what it is. He watched over it for forty years. He commenced with three students, and lived to see the Seminary in its full grown maturity, its class-rooms crowded with one hundred and sixty candidates for the ministry. As long as the fame of Princeton Seminary endures, the name of Archibald Alexander will not be forgotten.

Cuyler spoke of James Waddel:

James W. Alexander lived on earth fifty-five years — every one of them busy to the brim. To condense them into ten minutes is like an attempt to cut Westminster Abbey on a cameo….Dr. Alexander was not only an accomplished Professor, and a most affluent preacher of the Word; he was also a voluminous author. He put more thoughts into type than any man who has ever lived in Princeton.

Cattell spoke of Addison:

“Taking him all in all,” said his life-long colleague — that great master upon whose memorial tablet, in our recent sorrow, we look with moistened eyes to-day, and who knew what greatness was — “taking him all in all,” said Dr. Charles Hodge, “he was certainly the most gifted man with whom I have ever been personally acquainted.”

Each of these men have bequeathed a legacy to the modern Church by not only the example of their personal piety, but also through their many edifying writings. We continue to build our own memorial tablets, as it were, to the Alexanders and others by adding their works to their respective pages. In the last week alone, 15 writings by James have been added. Be sure to explore these pages and benefit from the spiritual legacy of these honorable men.

Archibald Alexander
James Waddel Alexander
Joseph Addison Alexander
Samuel Miller
John Breckinridge
Charles Hodge

A Sabbath sermon preached 150 years ago by J.R. Hutchison

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Among the memoirs of John Russell Hutchison (1807-1878), published as Reminiscences, Sketches and Addresses Selected From My Papers During a Ministry of Forty-Five Years in Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas (1874), is a sermon preached just over 150 years ago at Hempstead, Texas in October 1869 titled simply The Sabbath.

“Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy.” — Exodus 20:8. The observance of the Sabbath is essential to the spread of Christianity, and to its transmission from one age to another. The Sabbath is the centre of the system, the keystone of the arch. Without it, the Gospel would have no opportunity of exerting its benign influences upon the masses, of giving forth, in public assemblies, its loud and solemn utterances of warning and instruction.

After showing the antiquity of the Sabbath institution, and that it precedes the birth of the Jewish nation, Hutchison goes on to explain further why the Sabbath is of universal and binding application, and not merely a ceremonial and obsolete law.

We base the perpetual obligation of the Sabbath, not merely upon its institution in Paradise, its recognition among all the nations of antiquity, and its incorporation into the Jewish economy, but mainly on the fact of its constituting a prominent part of the ten commandments. Hence, all who admit the universal and perpetual obligation of the Decalogue, must admit the equally binding nature of the Sabbath.

For if the Sabbath was merely ceremonial, serving a temporary purpose, and then passing away, like other temporary rites of the old dispensation, why should it occupy such a prominent place in that code of laws designed by God to be binding on the whole human race? Why is it found there at all? Why select it from the number of the merely temporary ordinances of the Mosaic economy, and place it so conspicuously in the very centre of that eternal compendium of moral duties, given for the government of the whole world? The fact of its being found where it is decides the question. And there is something in the peculiar position which this command occupies in the Decalogue, and the language in which it is couched, which renders it the most remarkable precept of the entire ten. It is the longest commandment. It is the most minute and specific in its language, carefully enumerating a large number of particulars. It is located in the very heart of the code, between the two tables of the law — the first embracing our duties to God, the second our duties to man. And because this precept partakes of the nature of both tables, and enjoins duties to both God and man, it is placed between both. It is the golden clasp which binds the two tables together; and whoever would take it away, breaks the clasp and mars the whole. For he robs God of his worship and man of his rest. The fact, then, of the law of the Sabbath being found in the Decalogue, settles the question under discussion. And mankind have no more right to violate or ignore its requirements, than they have to set aside the law respecting idolatry, or murder, or theft, or filial insubordination, or conjugal infidelity.

There are civil and temporal benefits to adhering to the day of rest, which God has commanded, and great troubles follow when the day of rest is not kept, as Hutchison tells us. The Sabbath is truly intended as a mercy to mankind, and the means by which both bodies and souls are cared for in accordance with the design of God.

Be entreated then, to “Remember the Sabbath-day to keep it holy.” This is the day the Lord hath made. He calls the hours his own. Remember it, for it comes to rest the weary laborer, to calm the fevered brow of the anxious merchant. Remember it, for it is the type of heaven—of that rest which remaineth for the people of God. Remember it, for God wrote it with his own finger upon tables of stone, and proclaimed it, amid thunderings and lightning and earthquakes, from the summit of Mount Sinai.

The Sabbath rest is both a command and a blessing, which reminds us of that which our Lord and Savior tells his disciples, ie., that his yoke is easy and his burden is light (Matt. 11:30). The command to keep the Sabbath day holy, far from being a burden, is truly a delight (Isa. 58:13). Read Hutchison’s full sermon here, and may the words of a 150-year old sermon remind us that the day of rest remains for the people of God.

The Government of God Over Nations: James W.C. Pennington

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The sovereignty of God over all nations was a Biblical doctrine of great comfort and practical value to the fugitive blacksmith-turned-Presbyterian minister, James W.C. Pennington (1807-1870). In 1856, he preached a sermon based on Psalm 22:28.

“All the ends of the world shall remember and turn unto the Lord; and all the kindreds of the nations shall worship before thee. For the kingdom is the Lord’s; and He is the Governor among the nations.”

In the text from our Saviour’s own lips the subject is completed in every point of view. God the Father is not only declared to be Lord of Heaven and earth, but certain acts are ascribed to Him which indicate the effectiveness of His sovereignty over all nations.

Pennington teaches us from this text that the principle of God’s sovereignty over all the nations is one of great importance:

That God administers a supreme, holy, just, and all-powerful government over all the nations of the earth, including all creatures and things, both animate and inanimate, is a truth of profound interest to the Christian.

Further, Pennington takes a position that is rarely heard today from the pulpit: God is the ruler of not only individuals, but also nations.

Nations, as moral persons, are amenable to God as our moral Governor….The same God who is governor over nations, is also governor over individuals.

Thus, as the moral Governor of the universe, we may look to him to right wrongs, and to comfort the oppressed.

But to all this we may add the declaration in the text: — He is the governor among the nations.” He governs all the nations. His eye is in all places beholding the evil and the good. His ear hears and understands every language an speech beneath the sun. His superintending hand is in all national matters. He has to do with the Throne, and with the Chair of State, the Bench, the Bar, and the Jury Box.— The hearts of all men are in His hands and he turns them as the rivers of water are turned. The minds of all men are in His hands. He can control the thinking powers. He can communicate His own mind unto men. He can fasten conviction upon the souls of men.

In all his operations as our moral governor He has in view the best welfare of nations.

These truths comforted and animated the Hebrews under bondage in Egypt, slaves such as Pennington in the United States, and should be a source of comfort and strength to all Christians everywhere in all times. No matter what wrongs seem to prevail for a time, the God who truly governs among the kingdoms of the earth will hear the cry of the oppressed, and will cause justice to roll down like a river (Amos 5:24) as well as leaves to bring healing to the nations (Rev. 22:2).

Log College Press Roundup - November 18, 2019

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November 2019 has been a busy month at Log College Press. On the heels of our release of Thomas Smyth’s The Mission of Parenting: Raising Children Who Love the Mission of God in October, as well as Gardiner Spring’s Letter to a Young Clergyman as a PDF tract, another new publication is now available: Alexander McLeod’s Messiah, Governor of the Nations of the Earth. We are very excited about these new releases, it is our prayer that they will be a blessing to the 21st century church, as they were to the church of the 19th century.

Meanwhile, since November 1st, many new authors and works have been added to the website. Some have been suggested or provided by our good friend Wayne Sparkman of the PCA Historical Center. Consider the following:

New Authors Added:

Select New Titles Added:

We are always seeking to grow and build on the vision that we have to make early American Presbyterian writers and their primary works more accessible, more available to readers who share our passion for this rich heritage. Check out some of these authors and their writings, and keep checking in to see what’s new. And, as always, thank you for your interest and support!

Songs in the Night: Joseph S. Van Dyke

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God has given us “songs in the night” (Job 35:10) to sing for our encouragement in the midst of darkness. Joseph Smith Van Dyke explains how the Scriptures, and especially the Psalms, are a great source of comfort to believers in the midst of affliction in a volume titled Be of Good Cheer.

Songs have marvelous power over human hearts. Rendering us forgetful of the miseries that environ us, they bear us on wings of hope to a celestial sphere, making us in spirit the companions of angels. Out of earth's worries up through the arches of the invisible they seem to waft us into an ecstasy of delight.

If songs are needed we may conclude that they have been given. Our Father has made provision for supplying our needs. Food needed: food furnished. Fuel needed: fuel supplied. Immortality coveted: immortality an inheritance of which even Satan cannot rob us. Rest ardently longed for: "There remaineth a rest to the people of God." Man desires wealth as the means of procuring future happiness. God enables him to lay up "enduring riches and righteousness in heaven"; and his greed for earthly possessions may be the perversion of a laudable desire. Have we, then, any reason to doubt whether God will sing songs in our nights? He can readily furnish a song. He can teach us to sing. He can produce such a measure of cheerfulness as shall prompt us to give expression to our joyousness.

Who giveth songs? God, our Maker. If the song is given by him who created the soul, who is the Master Musician, who covets its music, who proffers us the opportunity of singing "the song of Moses and the Lamb," then may we be sure that the song will soothe our hearts and inspire undying hopes.

To whom are these songs given? To all who are able to say, "God, my Maker." None are so despondent that their Maker cannot inspire the spirit which will prompt them to sing. None are so girt round by temptation that the Almighty cannot give them a song of deliverance. None have attained such heights of goodness that they do not need a song of praise to the mercy of God. Songs for all, for those of a melancholy temperament and for those of a cheerful, for those who are hopeful and for those who are despairing, for those who are on the hill-top, and for those who are in the valley.

"Songs in the night." The sweetness of a song is enhanced by the time in which it is sung. It has increased inspiration as it comes through the stillness and darkness of the night. Whispering of a time when life's shadows shall be succeeded by noonday, it awakens life, love, sympathy and hope. Songs in the night of poverty, in the night of failing health, in the night of remorse, in the night of affliction, in the night produced by the waywardness of loved ones — in every night however intense the darkness, and however numerous the clouds which produce it.

It ought to be to us a source of joy that our Father wears a title so significant, "He who giveth songs in the night"; for nights come to all, brief to some, reaching down to the grave of others. As the measure of darkness which, in the absence of the sun, comes to each is dependent upon conditions, so the amount of trial which comes to anyone is determined in measure by his surroundings. Hence, we are not fitted to estimate accurately the poignancy of the griefs that come to others' hearts. There are fountains of anguish upon which our eyes are not permitted to gaze. Some springs empty their waters through visible channels, some through invisible, some have no outlet, and their waters become bitter. One conceals his grief; another pours his tale of woe into every listening ear.

Each name and each phrase by which our Maker is designated produces its own impression on the soul. When we think of him as The First Cause, The Infinite, The Ultimate of all Ultimates, we are filled with awe. When we contemplate him as The Just and Holy One, the source of authority, the center of excellency, the fountain of goodness, the judge before whom all must appear, we are prompted to bow at his footstool and exclaim, "God be merciful to me a sinner." When we meditate upon his eternity, omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence, immutability, we are forced to ask, "Who can understand the Almighty unto perfection?" If we pause to think of him as making provision for man's redemption, as inviting wanderers to accept forgiveness, as proffering endless joy without money and without price, gratitude is prompted to whisper in accents of prayer, "May Christ dwell in our hearts by faith; that we being rooted and grounded in love, may be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height; and to know the love of Christ which passeth knowledge." When we regard him as a companion of earth's sojourners to the beyond, as lifting up those who have fallen by the way, as reviving the faint, refreshing the weary and singing songs of joy during nights of sorrow, we are swathed in emotions which language is incapable of expressing. There is no season of perplexity, no night of grief, no period of gloom in which He is not ready to give needed comfort.

Are the burdens which poverty entails depressing the spirits? For this night God has given songs. If we were to expunge from the Bible the passages which contain comfort for the needy we should find the character of the book changed to no inconsiderable extent. Indeed, abundant is the encouragement given to this class of persons. Consequently the Gospel has won its greatest triumphs among those who were poor in the things of this world, but "rich in faith towards God." Nor need we marvel at this, for the Saviour addressed them with tenderness. Not only in the New Testament, but as well in the Old, we find messages to the poor. In the 68th Psalm we read, "Thou, O God, hast prepared of thy goodness for the poor." It cannot be said that God has not provided for the poor till it has been proved that all the possible products of the soil, judiciously distributed and savingly used, are insufficient for the maintenance of all.

In things spiritual, as well as in things temporal, God "hath provided of his goodness for the poor." In their spiritual welfare Christ was interested. To them He spoke with tenderness. In their homes He displayed His power. From them He gathered disciples. His apostles were fishermen. For the poor it is comparatively easy to realize the fact that worship is with the heart, not with costly raiment and glittering diamonds, not with gold and incense, not with ceremonies and genuflections. When the poor man hears God's voice demanding homage, he knows that the demand means, "Give me thy heart"; for he has little or nothing else to give. It is also easier for him to cultivate a spirit of dependence upon God than it is for those who have tutored themselves to rely in all things upon efforts of their own. Are we not justified then in saying that those who form the purpose of becoming religious after they have acquired wealth would do well to remember that those who are without piety in the season of poverty are likely to be destitute thereof in the day of prosperity? If he does not covet God's presence in the cottage, why should he flatter himself that he will implore the forgiveness of sin if he is permitted to reside in a mansion? He ought to find no difficulty in believing that the agriculturist at the plow, the mechanic at the bench, the lawyer at the bar, the merchant at the counter, and the housekeeper at her occupations, may not only grow in the graces of the Spirit but are especially well situated to exemplify practical Christianity.

I need do little more than remind you that in the night produced by failing health, God giveth songs. He who feeds the ravens, clothes the lilies, counts the hairs of our heads, and notes the falling of a sparrow, will furnish a song for those who find the earthly house of their tabernacle crumbling to decay. To them, the word of the apostle may have special sweetness, "We know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved, we have a building of God, an house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens." "These light afflictions which are but for a moment shall work out for me a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory."

Those who are filled with forebodings in reference to the future of human society ought to observe the footsteps of God in the history of the world. Having done this they ought to have no difficulty in believing in human progress. The world is working upwards to a higher form of civilization. Religion is becoming more intelligent and more general. It is true, disheartenment may temporarily weigh down the soul as one gazes upon ignorance, superstition, bigotry, cruelty, duplicity and unreasonableness. We should bear in mind, however, that Christ is risen and his resurrection is a pledge of the triumph of truth. To Him The Father has said, "I will give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession." The sea of human society may continue to heave and foam and hiss for centuries to come, but He who calmed the waters of Lake Gennesaret will quiet its billows in his own time. Wars shall cease. Idols shall crumble to dust. Superstitions shall perish. Cruelty shall give place to kindness. "The wolf shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid, and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together, and a little child shall lead them. They shall not hurt or destroy in all my holy mountain: for the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea."

To such as have a night produced by a sense of personal sinfulness, our Father sings songs whose sweetness is unparalleled. In Isaiah we read, "I will pardon their iniquities:" "Come, now, let us reason together, saith the Lord: though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool." So abundant in Scripture is the testimony to God's willingness to forgive sin that the penitent ought to have no difficulty in catching the notes of pardoning mercy. The Psalmist exclaims, "Bless the Lord O my soul and forget not all his benefits: who forgiveth all thine iniquities; who healeth all thy diseases; who redeemeth thy life from destruction; who crowneth thee with lovingness and tender mercies." "There is forgiveness with thee that thou mayst be feared."

I need do no more than remind you of the Saviour's song of pardoning mercy, "Come unto me all ye that labor and are heavy-laden, and I will give you rest."

In affliction — one of the departments of God's training school — the listening ear can catch a song which is fitted to produce cheerfulness and resignation. Nor will it be difficult to discover those who, taught by experience, are ready to testify, not only to the sweetness of the songs their Maker gives, but to the fact that the sweetness is enhanced by drawing near the hand that holds the rod. If burdens drive us to him, if human enmity induces us to seek divine love, if waves of adversity prompt us to rest on his bosom, we may succeed in cultivating such a measure of resignation as shall enable us to thank him for whatever He sends — most, perhaps, for the severe. Forth from the fire the tried ones come purified, chanting the songs taught them in the furnace. A mother, bending over her babe and imprinting kisses which elicit no answering smile, is heard whispering between sobs, "The Lord gave and the Lord hath taken away, blessed be the name of the Lord:" "It shall not return to me but I shall go to it." Or, in an apartment whose stillness is oppressive stands one whom we imagined no grief could unnerve. Lo! crushed in spirit, he is endeavoring to learn the song which his Father is repeating to him, "As thy day thy strength shall be:" "My grace is sufficient for thee :" "My strength is made perfect in weakness:" "These light afflictions . . . shall work out a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory:" "If ye suffer with me ye shall also reign with me." Experiences of bereavement are so common, however, and songs fitted to produce resignation are so numerous, and occasions which furnish for them avenues to the soul are so many, that I need do no more than remind you that no matter how deep the gloom of sorrow's night, our Maker can furnish comfort. Why then should man be less cheerful than the bird which in winter sings its carol though its mate lies buried in the snow and no crumb is obtainable. May we not sing with the Psalmist, "This is my comfort in my [present] affliction, that Thy word hath quickened me" — hath in past afflictions revived my spirit.

How we may imitate Christ in His universal charity to all men - Ebenezer Pemberton

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Ebenezer Pemberton, Jr. (1705-1777) was a leading American Puritan of the colonial era. His father preached at the Old South Church (Congregational) in Boston, Massachusetts. Our Ebenezer was affiliated with the Presbyterian Church for the first half of his ministerial career and then returned to his father’s church in 1753. He served as chair of the New York Board of the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge, preached the ordination sermons for both David and John Brainerd. Recently, we have added over 90 autograph manuscript sermons by him to Log College Press. Many of these, but not all, were written in shorthand. They cover the time period between the 1740s and 1770s. With remarkable penmanship, we can get a glimpse of the ministerial labors of a remarkable preacher.

From another source (not found on Log College Press at present) we take note of a passage from a sermon he preached from Philippians 2:5 titled “The Duty of Imitating the Example of Christ” (The Puritan Pulpit: Ebenezer Pemberton, Soli Deo Gloria Publications, 2006, pp. 103-105). In the tradition of Thomas à Kempis and The Imitation of Christ, and John Calvin, who sought to guide Christians in the right manner of imitating our Saviour while avoiding superstitious abuses of the principle, Pemberton’s sermon covers various aspects of how Christians ought to follow Christ’s example. One of these consists in how we ought to imitate Christ in regards to his relationship to all men.

We must imitate the example of Christ in His universal charity and kindness to men. This is indeed beyond a parallel, and what can never be fully imitated by any of the children of men. His whole life upon earth was one continued act of the most generous and disinterested love to the most base and unworthy objects. The gospel history everywhere abounds with astonishing instances of His grace and benignity to mankind.

It was love that brought him down from the bright realms of eternal day and fixed His abode for a time in this miserable and benighted world. This animated Him continually to go about doing good to the souls and bodies of men, instructing the ignorant, comforting the sorrowful, healing the sick, and supplying the wants of the poor and needy. This carried Him through a scene of the most distressing sorrows and afflictions in His life, and at last humbled Him to the dust of death and nailed Him to the cursed tree as an expiatory sacrifice for the sins of the world. This is such an instance of love as exceeds the power of love to describe, and the utmost stretch of our imagination to conceive of the height and depth, the length and breadth. “Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends” (John 15:13). “But herein God commended His love toward us, that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us” (Romans 5:8). It is the manner of men to place their affections upon those they apprehend to be the most agreeable and deserving objects; and it is the highest instance of human love to die for a friend. But this is the transcendent excellency of the love of Christ, that it was placed upon the most base and unlovely part of the creation. He laid down His life for His very enemies, who had renounced His sacred authority and were in open rebellion against His laws.

This is certainly a most surprising and unusual pattern of love, and should powerfully dispose us to the most extensive charity and benevolence to our fellow creatures. This is the inference made by St. John, the beloved disciple: “If God so loved us, we ought also to love one another.” For this end the example of Christ is frequently proposed for our imitation, and we are solemnly enjoined to copy it. “This is My commandment, that ye love one another as I have loved you” (John 13:34). Nay, He makes it the distinguishing badge of His followers, and the necessary character of His genuine disciples: “By this shall all men know that ye are My disciples, if ye love one another.” And what stronger obligations can we be under to this excellent duty, what more powerful motives can be set before us to engage us to the practice of it, than the positive command of our Master and Lord, and the noble example of Him who has given us so many expensive evidences of His wonderful kindness and love.

Remembering a prince in Israel who served His King

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Archibald Alexander Hodge, son of Charles Hodge, entered into glory on this day in history, November 12, 1886. As husband, father, pastor, missionary, professor, and author - A.A. Hodge did much to contribute to the advancement of the kingdom of Christ during his 63 years on earth.

Today, we remember one strand of his thought in particular concerning how the state ought to relate to both Christ and the Church. This was an important topic to him, which he developed in several of his writings. From one recent addition to Log College Press — provided graciously by our friend Dr. Wayne Sparkman of the PCA Historical Center — we take note of Hodge’s understanding of these relations in the American context.

Hodge delivered an annual address before the Presbyterian Historical Society, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1878. This speech was soon made into a tract by the Christian Statesman, an organ of the National Reform Association, of which Hodge served as a vice-president. Titled “The State and Religion,” Hodge articulates the major theories of church-state relations, including the Roman Catholic, Erastian and what has been known as the “voluntary” theory of complete separation of church and state, described by Hodge as “the new American theory.”

Although the American form of government does not claim to install a king on the throne, according to Hodge, “We, the people” has become the new king in our country. But Hodge responds thus:

In our time another king has appeared, styled "The People," for whom absolute, irresponsible sovereignty is also claimed, who, it is assumed, can make, by prerogative, whatsoever he wills right.

We take the words of Melville originally addressed to James VI., of Scotland, and address them to this arrogant modern American sovereign, who proposes to set himself in the seat of God, "Ye are God's silly vassal. There are two kings and two kingdoms in America: there is king 'people,' the immediate head of the commonwealth, and there is Christ the king over both Church and commonwealth, whose subject the people is, and of whose kingdom the 'people' is not king nor lord, nor head, but subject only."

In short, Hodge advocated a “Reformed or Calvinistic” theory of government which sought to emphasize “a Christian State and a Free Church, founded on the recognition of the universal supremacy of King Jesus in both spheres.”

Elsewhere, he wrote these words which ring true today as never before:

In the name of your own interests I plead with you; in the name of your treasure-houses and barns, of your rich farms and cities, of your accumulations in the past and your hopes in the future, — I charge you, you never will be secure if you do not faithfully maintain all the crown-rights of Jesus the King of men. In the name of your children and their inheritance of the precious Christian civilization you in turn have received from your sires; in the name of the Christian Church, — I charge you that its sacred franchise, religious liberty, cannot be retained by men who in civil matters deny their allegiance to the King. In the name of your own soul and its salvation; in the name of the adorable Victim of that bloody and agonizing sacrifice whence you draw all your hopes of salvation; by Gethsemane and Calvary, — I charge you, citizens of the United States, afloat on your wide wild sea of politics, There is Another King, One Jesus: The Safety Of The State Can Be Secured Only In The Way Of Humble And Whole-souled Loyalty To His Person and of Obedience His Law. (Popular Lectures on Theological Themes, p. 287)

Hodge devoted his life to the service of his King in all areas, and he was deeply concerned about public desecration of the Sabbath, then under attack, as well as the education of youth by a State which claimed to be secular. In our day, marriage — another institution founded before the Fall — is also under attack, making Hodge’s words all the more relevant to 21st century readers.

We remember a prince in Israel today who served his King with “whole-souled loyalty”: A.A. Hodge.

Autumn's Ending - Geerhardus Vos

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As the leaves fall from the trees leaving a glitter of gold on the forest floor, this encomium to the season by the theologian and poet Geerhardus Vos (Western Rhymes, 1933) comes to mind.

AUTUMN’S ENDING

What joy was ours on seeing the glorious riot
Of Indian Summer’s surge the forest overwhelm,
That, from the vision drunk, we asked in wonder, why not
The year wears all around her orange-yellow of din
Or wine-red maple robe, protesting she should die not,
A Queen bedecked with all the jewels of the realm.

Alas, we sobered soon; just at the splendor’s highest
It seemed to outblaze itself, and burst into a flame,
Which, by its own breeze fanned, leaped from the nighest
Unto the farthest crowns, consuming where it came
The body as through the garb. Ah Autumn, when thou diest,
’T is in a passion-fire, counts life and death the same.

Thy regal staging scarcely one brief month outlasted;
Bare stand and bleak the trees whereon the glories hung;
Earth’s face is shrunk and drawn, like to a nun’s who fasted
Both flesh and strength away; not even a sad song sung,
Sound-frozen lies the air, and all the buds are blasted,
That, trusting thy warm smile, to second youth had sprung.

Happy birthday to B.B. Warfield!

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Born 168 years ago on this day in history, November 5, 1851, Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield would go on to become one of America’s greatest theologians, and one of the most prolific.

A 1974 bibliography compiled by John E. Meeter and Roger Nicole includes around 2,000 titles ascribed to him with many omitted for various reasons. We here at Log College Press, almost a century after Warfield’s death on February 16, 1921, are trying to keep up by adding as many works by Warfield as we can.

This is a copy of Warfield’s bibliography, once gifted by one of the compilers, Dr. Roger R. Nicole (1915-2010), to Dr. Morton H. Smith (1923-2017), long-time stated clerk of the Presbyterian Church America.

This is a copy of Warfield’s bibliography, once gifted by one of the compilers, Dr. Roger R. Nicole (1915-2010), to Dr. Morton H. Smith (1923-2017), long-time stated clerk of the Presbyterian Church America.

Get to know more about his life and work as we remember “a prince in Israel” today by visiting his page. There is enough reading there for many years of study, and we hope to keep growing because he was a treasure to the church, and his legacy is not to be forgotten.

American Presbyterians on Election Day

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From the colonial era to the early days of the American republic, election sermons were preached from the pulpit and circulated in print form as a way of encouraging godly government on the part of magistrates and the citizens who were expected to vote for them. They were especially prominent in New England, where Election Day was a commemorated as a holiday. One such election sermon has a memorable place in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.

As Election Day 2019 approaches in the United States, Log College Press is highlighting some noteworthy Presbyterian election sermons from the past, as well as some works by those who promoted Christian civil government or held to the doctrine of political dissent (ie., the necessity of not voting under the terms of a godless constitution, or not voting for any but Christian candidates).

We begin with an anonymous tract published in 1800: Serious Considerations on the Election of a President: Addressed to the Citizens of the United States. It was primarily the work of William Linn (1752-1808), who served as both the first chaplain of the U.S. House of Representatives and as President of Rutgers University, although he was assisted by John Mitchell Mason as well. The chief concern of this work was to warn of the danger of electing an unbeliever to the office of the Presidency, specifically, Thomas Jefferson. The election of 1800 was a complicated one (perhaps more so than the election of 2000), with candidates including Aaron Burr, Jr. (who became Vice-President), Charles C. Pinckney and John Adams (it was not widely known at the time that Adams was a Unitarian).

Mason followed this tract with another publication that bore his name and references the former: The Voice of Warning, to Christians, on the Ensuing Election of a President of the United States (1800), also concerned to warn Christians against voting for an “infidel” for President (Thomas Jefferson). This work appears at the end of Vol. 4 of Mason’s Works.

William Buell Sprague published The Claims of Past and Future Generations on Civil Rulers: A Sermon, Preached at the Annual Election (1825), a sermon preached on a May Election Day while he was in Massachusetts. The claims spoken of pertain to the obligations of magistrates both to God and to the citizens who have entrusted them with the authority they possess.

Three years later, Ezra Stiles Ely preached The Duty of Christian Freemen to Elect Christian Rulers (1828). Dr. Wayne Sparkman writes:

It was in 1827 on July 4 that Rev. Ely called for “Christian freemen to elect Christian rulers.” He went on to advocate for a “Christian party in politics,” to keep unorthodox liberals and deists out of office. The underlying concern of this Presbyterian pastor was against the secular policies and practices of President John Q. Adams. President Adams in turn simply denounced Rev. Ely as “the busybody Presbyterian clergyman.” So Pastor Ely called upon Presbyterian Andrew Jackson to run for that highest office. Mobilizing Christian workers, Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828. The good pastor told President-elect Jackson to avoid the judgement of the Lord’s wrath by not traveling on the Lord’s Day to Washington, which Jackson obeyed. However, their association did not long continue on a favourable basis, as the President grew wary of this outspoken Presbyterian minister.”

An argument that Christians ought for Biblical reasons only to vote for godly candidates under a godly constitution is found in RPCNA minister James Renwick Willson’s 1832 sermon Prince Messiah's Claims to Dominion Over All Governments; and the Disregard of His Authority by the United States, in the Federal Constitution. For his pains in preaching this sermon, the sermon itself was burned publicly by the New York Legislature in Albany, and he was hung in effigy.

In 1892, RPCNA minister Nathan Robinson Johnston’s letter to the editor of the Christian Instructor, titled “Political Dissent,” was also published by Political Dissenter. In it he articulates his reasons for abstaining from voting and his understanding of what it means to be a Christian citizen.

RPCNA minister Thomas Houston Acheson published a two-part tract on Why Covenanters Do Not Vote (1912). Here he gives six reasons on behalf of the historic RPCNA position in favor of political dissent, and twelve responses to objections against this position.

As many in America prepare to go to the polls, and some anticipate staying home for reasons of conscience or otherwise, it is worthwhile to prayerfully consider how Presbyterians in the past have approached the issue of elections. May these resources aid in that endeavor.

Presbyterian Landmarks of American Literature

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It is well known that the Bay Psalm Book (a New England Puritan Psalter) was the first book published in British North America (1640). One of the editors of this work was John Eliot (1604-1690), the famous “Apostle to the Indians,” who also wrote Communion of churches, or, The divine management of gospel-churches by the ordinance of councils constituted in order according to the Scriptures as also the way of bringing all Christian parishes to be particular Reforming Congregationall Churches, humbly proposed as ... a means of uniting those two holy and eminent parties the Presbyterians and the Congregationals (1665), a work which has led some to propose that Eliot was a Presbyterian at heart.*

Whether or not he is rightly classified as a Presbyterian or a Congregationalist, or something in-between, there are some notable examples apart from the Bay Psalm Book which constitute Presbyterian landmarks in American literature.

Pennsylvania was the home of Founding Father Benjamin Franklin of Philadelphia, whose publication of so many Presbyterian works from the 1730s forward we have discussed previously here.

The first Presbyterian book published in the South was by Old Side minister John Thomson (1690-1753): An Explication of the Shorter Catechism (1749, Williamsburg, Virginia).

John Thomson’s exposition of the Westminster Shorter Catechism was the first Presbyterian book published in the American South.

John Thomson’s exposition of the Westminster Shorter Catechism was the first Presbyterian book published in the American South.

In 1765, layman John Redick (whose dates are not known and who is not yet on Log College Press) authored the first book published in Baltimore, Maryland: A Detection of the Conduct and Proceedings of Messrs. Annan and Henderson, Members of the Associate Presbytery’s Whole Sitting at Oxford Meeting-House, April 18th, Anno Domini 1764, Together with Their Abettors; Wherein is Contained Some Remarks. Printed by Nicholas Hasselbach, only one copy is known to exist. It came into the possession of George W. McCreary, librarian of the Maryland Historical Society, who reprinted 300 copies of it in 1903, under the title The First Book Printed in Baltimore Town, with a history of the printer and the book, one of which is in the possession of this writer. The book is an account of a financial transaction between Redick and Hugh Scott, a blacksmith, which later led to ecclesiastical charges.

The first book published in Baltimore was by a Presbyterian layman.

The first book published in Baltimore was by a Presbyterian layman.

The first book published in Kentucky was by Presbyterian minister Adam Rankin (1755-1827): A Process of the Transilvania Presbytery (1793). We have previously given an account of this work here.

The first book published in Kentucky was by Presbyterian minister Adam Rankin.

The first book published in Kentucky was by Presbyterian minister Adam Rankin.

The first book of poetry published in Georgia was by Presbyterian minister Samuel Jones Cassels (1806-1853): Providence and Other Poems (1838).

The first book of poems published in Georgia was by Presbyterian minister Samuel J. Cassels.

The first book of poems published in Georgia was by Presbyterian minister Samuel J. Cassels.

This brief survey of Presbyterian landmarks in American literature is just a cursory look at some noteworthy highlights and is far from complete, just merely scratching the surface of this intriguing topic. But it suggests the importance of Presbyterian literature in the colonial era and in the early days of the American republic. It is natural that books and Presbyterians go hand-in-hand, and these landmarks provide a snapshot of this truism in early American history.

* William Henry Roberts wrote, “Eliot was a Presbyterian by conviction, and the splendid service which he rendered from 1637 to 1690, in the conversion and education of the heathen on our shores, made him the forerunner, not only in the general work of American foreign missions, but also in the labors of the Presbyterian Church for the conversion of the heathen world. His was the first voice of an American Presbyterian crying in the wilderness, ‘Make ye ready the way of the Lord’” (“The Part Which American Presbyterians Have Had in Foreign Missions in the Past,” in David McConaughy, ed., The World-Call of Men To-Day: Addresses and Proceedings of the Men’s Missionary Convention, Held in Philadelphia, February 11-13, 1908 (1908), p. 84).

The Protestant Reformation in the Writings of 19th Century American Presbyterians

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To commemorate what is arguably the greatest event in church history since Pentecost, Log College Press wishes to highlight select works by early American Presbyterians which relate to the 502nd anniversary of the Protestant Reformation:

  • Archibald Alexander (1772-1851), Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms (1836) [A fascinating re-telling of one of the momentous ecclesiastical events of all time.];

  • James Waddel Alexander (1804-1859), Martin Luther Incognito (1836) [This is Alexander’s translation of an extract from the biography of Martin Luther by French historian Jules Michelet covering the period of Luther’s pretended kidnapping by Frederick the Wise]; The Reformation in Hungary and Transylvania (1837) [The Reformation reached into Hungary and Romania too.];

  • Henry Martyn Baird (1832-1906), Theodore Beza: The Counsellor of the French Reformation, 1519-1605 (1899) [This is the classic biography of the French Reformer Theodore Beza, who became Geneva’s spiritual leader after the death of John Calvin.];

  • William Maxwell Blackburn (1828-1898), Aonio Paleario and His Friends, With a Revised Edition of "The Benefits of Christ's Death" (1866) [This is an interesting work which contains both a biography of the Italian Reformer, Paleario, and an edited version of the great Italian spiritual classic that was long attributed to him (modern scholarship now attributes authorship of “The Benefit of Christ” to Benedetto Fontanini, also known as Benedetto da Mantova (1495-1556)).]; William Farel, and the Story of the Swiss Reform (1867) [A fascinating look at the life of the Swiss Reformer, William Farel, who with his friend John Calvin, so influenced Geneva and the world]; Ulrich Zwingli (1868) [The life of another great Swiss Reformer, Ulrich Zwingli.]

  • Ezra Hall Gillett (1823-1875)The Life and Times of John Huss (1864) [This is a good introduction to the Bohemian (Czech) proto-Reformer, John Huss.];

  • Thomas Cary Johnson (1859-1936), John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation (1900) [An important biography of the great French Reformer and spiritual leader of Geneva, John Calvin.];

  • William Carlos Martyn (1841-1917), The Life and Times of Martin Luther (1866) [A great 19th century biography of the German Reformer, Martin Luther.]; The Dutch Reformation (1868) [A good overview of the Reformation in the Netherlands.];

Martin Luther nails the 95 Theses on the church door at Wittenberg.

Martin Luther nails the 95 Theses on the church door at Wittenberg.

  • John William Mears (1825-1881), The Beggars of Holland and the Grandees of Spain: A History of the Reformation in the Netherlands, From A.D. 1200 to 1578 (1867) [This is another comprehensive look at the Dutch Reformation, and in particular, what lead up to it.];

  • Thomas Ephraim Peck (1822-1893), Martin Luther (1895) [This biographical lecture about the great Reformer was originally delivered in 1872, and is here found in Vol. 1 of Peck’s Miscellanies.];

  • B.B. Warfield (1851-1921), John Calvin: The Man and His Work (1909) and The Literary History of the Institutes of the Christian Religion (1909) [These two articles commemorate the 400th anniversary of the birth of the great French Reformer.]; The Ninety-Five Theses in Their Theological Significance (1917) [Originally published in The Princeton Theological Review in honor of the 400th anniversary of the Reformation, this is a fascinating study of the document by Martin Luther that launched the Reformation on October 31, 1517.]

  • Julia McNair Wright (1840-1903), For the True Story Library, published by the Presbyterian Board of Education, Wright authored a series of Reformation-era biographical sketches for younger readers on the lives of the Scottish Reformers George Wishart and John Knox; German Reformer Martin Luther; Bohemian Reformer John Huss, French Huguenot Reformers John Calvin, Queen Margaret of Valois, Duchess Renée of Ferrara, and Admiral Gaspard de Cologny; English Reformer William Tyndale; and English Puritan Richard Baxter. In her account of Martin Luther, she wrote these words: “The world and the Church need a good shaking just now to wake them up to the work of the Lord, and where is the Luther strong in Jesus to do it? He may be some boy reading this book. God knows.”

Note: This blog post was originally published on October 31, 2017, and has been edited.

Robert Hill and the Sea

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Robert Hill (1868-1962) almost lived to be a hundred. Born of French Huguenot descent on April 9, 1868 in Conlig, near Belfast, (Northern) Ireland, he emigrated to America at the age of 16, and eventually trained for the ministry and settled in Texas. He served the Southern Presbyterian Church for many years, and passed away on July 25, 1962 in Tyler, Texas.

He evidently cherished the Christian Sabbath, as indicated by a pamphlet he published which is in this writer’s possession (which we hope to upload to Log College Press in the future). He was well-respected and indeed beloved as a faithful under-shepherd of his several flocks. His children collaborated to posthumously publish a volume of his poems, which is titled the Collected Poems of Robert Hill. From this work we may learn a great deal about his life and his loves. One of these loves was the sea. His daughter, Elizabeth Hill Haynes, writes:

The sea fascinated him. He used to say that if there were no sea in heaven he doubted if he could be happy there.

He made only one trip abroad after coming to America to live fifty-one years earlier. It was in 1935 when the congregation of First Presbyterian Church, and some other close friends, gave him a trip to the British Isles to visit his old home in Ireland. He took a freighter for the trip over so he could spend many days on the water. Coming home, since he was homesick and anxious to rejoin his family, he books passage on a large passenger liner which encountered a fierce Atlantic storm; so fierce, in fact, that after the ship docked in New York, the Captain admitted that he thought more than once, that the ship would go down. This seemed to end his desire for further voyaging.

Yet, despite the effects of such violent weather, the sea represents a prominent theme in his poems. These poems were written, we are told, for his flocks, to comfort them and inspire them.

These verses and poems are products of the writer’s heart, his convictions, and his philosophy of life, and stem from a deep and firm belief in the triune God. In addition they have a purity of style probably due to the fact that the author was acclaimed as a grammarian. Simple as they are, many of them contain profound lessons, beneficial for daily Christian living. He wrote them for people he truly loved, his congregations of the First Presbyterian Church, and Moore Memorial Presbyterian Church, Tyler, Texas. Some of them were written to suit a situation or condition which existed when that particular one was composed, and was often instrumental in smoothing a potentially rough road for someone in distress.

THE WATERS OF GALILEE

It was a dark and stormy night.
Upon a raging sea
A little ship fought for her life,
On the waters of Galilee.

The frightened sailors, hardened men,
Had seen many a storm at sea;
But never before had heard such a roar
On the waters of Galilee.

And through it all the Savior slept,
Undisturbed by wind or sea.
Although He sleeps, in His hand He keeps
The waters of Galilee.

When your little boat seems unable to float
On life’s wild, stormy sea,
You are safe, if on board is the Master and Lord
Of the waters of Galilee.

Another poem reminds us who it is that created and governs the wild and wondrous sea, even the sea of life.

WISDOM, POWER, LOVE

Great God of Wisdom, Power and Love,
Who rulest land and sea,
Send us the wisdom from above
That guides infallibly.

Send us the power to help us stand
Against determined foes
Whose forces cover sea and land,
And every good oppose.

And grant that these dull hearts may glow
With radiance of that love
That led the Christ to die below,
That we might live above.

These poems are indeed often simple, but profound. His love of the sea was deep, but his love of the One who made the sea was deeper. This is the reflection that the reader finds within the volume of poems that his family published, a noble tribute to Robert Hill, a leader of the Southern Presbyterian Church with an Ulster accent.

"What hath God wrought?" - A 19th century sermon on a technological advance by W.B. Sprague

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It has been reported that Martin Luther once said of printing that it was “God's highest and extremest act of grace, whereby the business of the Gospel is driven forward.” Advances in technology have made it possible to communicate the gospel in ways that earlier ages never could have imagined. One such advance in the 19th century was the invention of the telegraph. It was on May 24, 1844, that Samuel F.B. Morse famously dispatched these memorable words from Washington, DC to Baltimore, Maryland: “What hath God wrought?” Fourteen years later, the first transatlantic cable was laid between western Ireland and eastern Newfoundland, Canada. By this signal achievement, which was first realized on August 16, 1858, the time it took to send a communication from North America to Europe was reduced from the standard ship passage of ten days to a mere matter of minutes.

William Buell Sprague took note of this technological advance in a sermon preached later that year before his congregation: A Sermon Addressed to the Second Presbyterian Congregation, Albany, on Sunday Morning, September 5, 1858, on the Completion of the Atlantic Telegraph. (HT to Tom Sullivan who brought this sermon to our attention.)

First, he notes that we ought to see the hand of Providence in this great accomplishment of mankind. Such an advance as the transatlantic cable brought to the means by which people can communicate is clearly a work of God. Our thoughts ought to tend in that direction, to give God the glory for this manifestation of his power, and to “remember that all the power that is displayed or exercised in the Universe, is but an emanation from Omnipotence.” Employing the text of Psalm 87:19 (“Thy way is in the sea”), Sprague emphasizes that it is the hand of God at work in this advance, and it is He who is advancing in fact His kingdom over all the earth.

Need I say that this passage has not only a figurative but literal illustration in that wonder of the age, before which the whole world is bowing in reverent amazement; in honour of which we have just kept a jubilee which cast into the shade our glorious Fourth, inasmuch as the one has a mere national bearing, while the other embraces the interests of our universal humanity. When we think that a principle has been discovered, and a work accomplished, by means of which human thought flashes in lightning all through the ocean's depths, and we converse with those who live on the other side of the globe almost as if they and we occupied adjoining habitations, well may we lift up our hearts to the wonder-working God, and exclaim, “Thy way is in the sea.” Thou hast ordained that wonderful law of the creation, which has its operation in this stupendous achievement. Thou hast smiled on the researches of science, thus rendering it successful to the discovery and the application of this law. Thou hast, by thy favouring providence, brought the enterprise to a brilliant consummation. And now we would reverently recognise this new way, opened at the bottom of the sea, as thy way. We would meditate upon it with humble docility. Not for purposes of mere lofty speculation, or intellectual indulgence, or fruitless wonder, but to get our minds filled with nobler thoughts of God, and our hearts with more reverent and devout affections towards Him, and to get the spirit of obedience and submission to his will more thoroughly infused into our lives, would we hold this last, this grandest of all human discoveries to our minds, in connection with the public services of the Sabbath day. Surely it is no desecration of holy time to honour God in his works; especially to take solemn and reverential note of that which marks an epoch, I might almost say, in the unfolding of the Divine perfections.

We have great reason for optimism as we see His hand at work, and also reason to humble ourselves before that mighty hand when we consider that what is to mankind a great achievement is but the unveiling of the smallest bit of wisdom which belongs to God alone.

Let the recent discovery be an illustration. It is indeed one of the noblest triumphs both of science and of art; and when we look at it either as a bright and startling wonder, or as a contribution to the stock of human knowledge, or as a new element in the world’s civilization, we cannot but pause in admiration of the mighty human power by which it has been accomplished. But what, after all, is here the extent of man’s doings? Man has only ascertained the existence of one of the laws of the creation; has only found out a new use of the electric fire; has only put in operation a hidden agency that has existed ever since the morning stars sang together. Let man be inquired of in respect to any thing beyond the simple law that is here brought into exercise, beyond the simple fact that has here been reached; let him be asked how or why the lightning not only 19 becomes vocal, but makes this submarine passage, in obedience to the human will, and the prince of philosophers is no wiser to answer than the savage whose mind is as dark as the wilderness he inhabits. We do not suppose that this brilliant enterprise marks the limit of the mind's developments; but no matter what more glorious things there may be to come, it will never reach a point where the known will be to the unknown so much as a grain of sand is to the globe.

Sprague also contemplates how this advance in communications has a direct potential to drive forward the business of the gospel, as Luther would have said. Perhaps thinking of the Great Revival of 1858, Sprague continues:

If I mistake not, this grand discovery, in order to be duly estimated in its bearing on the Kingdom of Christ, must be viewed in connection with other things which give character to the day through which we are passing. What means the waking up, in so great a degree, of evangelical Christendom to the obligation of giving the Gospel to every creature? What means the casting away by Providence of those barriers of ages upon ages, which have kept the nations apart from each other, and which have rendered Paganism, in many instances, as inaccessible as she has been terrific? What means that great baptism of the Holy Ghost and of fire, which has lately pervaded our land, and has already added so much to Zion's beauty and strength?

Is it a mere fancy to imagine that this yoking of God’s love with his lightning, this employing of the swiftest of all his messengers to proclaim the triumphs of his Gospel, may be regarded as emblematical of the increased rapidity with which Christianity is to fulfil her high mission of circling the globe? I do not pretend to say what drawbacks may yet be revealed to us in the great work of moral renovation; or to what extent the Church may become oblivious of her dependance, and require to be schooled by affliction before she is prepared to enjoy a complete triumph. But if the Church is faithful to her high trust, there is every thing in the aspects of providence to indicate that the days of Satan's reign will soon be numbered…

He closes with a caution that is particularly instructive for 21st century readers.

There is admonition hanging even upon this bright discovery; for though God permits his creatures to use his lightning as a new medium of intercourse, yet He Him self sometimes uses it to blast and to consume; and thus, while in the former case it speaks to us of his love, in the latter it becomes a fearful representative of his justice. Wherefore, venture not to trifle with the Creator and the Ruler of the world. Think not to substitute admiration of his works for obedience to his laws. Let your whole soul be concentrated upon the one great point of becoming a new creature in Christ Jesus. Kneel penitently at the mercy seat; lift a believing eye to the Cross; enter the straight, the narrow, the upward path; and then each successive discovery in the kingdom of nature will become with you a new element of devotion, a fresh token of Divine love, a pledge of the infinitely nobler discoveries that shall reward your admiring scrutiny beyond the vail.

This 19th century minister understood that new technology provides great potential for the advancement of God’s kingdom, and yet, at the same time is but a tool, which can be employed for good or ill. Christians have a great responsibility to use the technology at their fingertips for the glory of God and the good of mankind. How this truth resonates in the 21st century age of cyber technology in which we live today! Read Sprague’s sermon in full for yourself here to see the wisdom of it for our own day.

Samuel Davies: God's grace supplies our wants and nourishes us with his blessings

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Among the many treasures to be found at the Virginia Museum of History & Culture (originally named the Virginia Historical Society, and founded in part by the efforts of John Holt Rice, Jonathan Peter Cushing and others, but renamed in 2018), is a portion of Samuel Davies’ New Testament - leaves containing the text of a portion of Galatians through 2 Timothy, along with handwritten annotations by him.

Joseph C. Harrod tells us that this New Testament was donated to the museum in 1963 (Theology and Spirituality in the Works of Samuel Davies (2019), p. 63). He also highlights a particular annotation on Ephesians 3:20:

Our Petitions can extend far; our tho’ts farther—But above—abundantly above— exceeding [abun]dantly above what we ask or think—exceeding [abun]dantly above all that we ask of think, —wt a [ . . . ]gious extent is this! And yet, thus far does [ . . . ] & Grace of God extend to supply our Wants & to [nou]rish us wth his Blessings. Amazing Tho’t! & how [ . . . ] exprest! Plain as Language can be; & yet as h[igh] as Tho’t can rise. The Repetition of ye Particle [ . . . ] in ye original renders it still more emphatical. [ . . . ] ναμένῳ ὑπὲρ πάντα ποιῆσαι ὑπὲρ ἐκ πε[ρισ]σοῦ ᾧν ἀιτούμεθα ἤ νοῦμεν—which may perhaps [ . . . ] thus translated, ‘Who is able to do above,— exceed[ . . . ] abundantly above all that we ask or think.

Harrod adds:

Samuel Davies recorded these observations on Ephesians 3:20 in his New Testament on a blank page opposite the printed text. His style was meditative, focusing on key words in the verse, which he wanted to recall later for personal reflection or sermon preparation. This annotation is one of several that have survived and indicates that their author gave meticulous attention to the Bible as he analyzed syntactical constructions in the Greek. The importance of Scripture extended even to the particle. The mention of the biblical text being “Plain” recalls the Reformation emphasis on the perspicuity of Scripture. In fine, Davies’ notes link the significance of the biblical text to the life of its readers: the reader learns that God graciously sustains believers by his word. Samuel Davies believed that the Bible was the foundation for genuine Christian piety and this chapter explores the contours of his reflections on the nature and place of Scripture in the Christian life.

Recently, this writer was able to visit the museum and hold these pages himself. Below is a photograph of a photocopy of these particular notes. See for yourself the careful handwriting (in English and Greek) of a minister who wrote this private, unpublished notes in his Bible almost three centuries ago.

Photocopy of Samuel Davies’ handwritten annotations from his personal Bible on Ephesians 3:20 (courtesy of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture, photo credit: R. Andrew Myers).

Photocopy of Samuel Davies’ handwritten annotations from his personal Bible on Ephesians 3:20 (courtesy of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture, photo credit: R. Andrew Myers).

Praise God for his grace which supplies our wants and nourishes us with his blessings, as Samuel Davies testifies.

Love to an Unseen Christ - B.M. Palmer

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Hughes Oliphant Old once wrote (The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Vol. 6, p. 326), “The remarkable thing about the preaching of Benjamin Morgan Palmer is the centrality it gave to the figure of Jesus. It is for this that he was above all remembered. What could commend a preacher more highly!” One of the sermons that Old highlighted to demonstrate this is titled “Love to an Unseen Christ” (note that we do not have this particular sermon available yet on Log College Press).

In this sermon, Palmer connects the Christ of the Bible with the Word of Christ (Logos).

It is this living Christ who gives the freshness and vitality to the Bible, which belongs to no other book. Because He lives in His own essential life, and lives as mediator at the Father’s right hand, there is life in all the words and syllables and lines and letters of the sacred book. As you and I walk up and down through its pages, it is as thought we were walking arm and arm with our living Lord through the walks of a garden; and as our eyes trace the words, they are not to us the cold impressions of a printing press, but they are the articulate utterances of the living Lord, who speaks through this word, as it is interpreted to us through the Holy Spirit, with His own lips from His throne above. Thus it is that the Bible becomes to us a secondary incarnation of our Lord — the secondary rainbow, the outer halo which we behold around His blessed head.

This sermon appears in Vol.. 1 of Sermons by Rev. B.M. Palmer, first published in 1875, and then republished by the late Lloyd Sprinkle of Sprinkle Publications in 2002. This is one of many sermons by a man who truly exalted the Christ of the Bible, and the Bible from which Christ is proclaimed. Though unseen, Christ is most surely the true God incarnate through which alone men may be saved (Acts 4:12), and he is the rewarder of those who diligently seek him in faith (Heb. 11:6). This theme is a constant in Palmer’s preaching, as Old explains. Take time to study the writings, and the sermons, of B.M. Palmer. We hope to add more of his works as we continue to build Log College Press.

Where the Hanover Presbytery Was Founded

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Just north of Richmond, Virginia, in the town of Mechanicsville, a most unusual structure resides. The Historic Polegreen Church — today often the site of weddings and other events — commemorates the church organized by Samuel Davies with an open frame. The original building was destroyed in the War Between the States in 1864. The present structure marks the site of the church, along with the Samuel Morris Reading Room which led to the revival of religion in central Virginia, a story which we have outlined before here.

Historic Polegreen Church (photo credit: R. Andrew Myers)

Historic Polegreen Church (photo credit: R. Andrew Myers)

The historical significance of this place is well explained by markers at the site. Various signs tell the story of the birth of religious liberty here in the once-Anglican colony of Virginia, largely through the labors of Samuel Davies.

(Photo credit: R. Andrew Myers)

(Photo credit: R. Andrew Myers)

It was here that Hanover Presbytery was founded in 1755, the second presbytery in the American South, and the first to be connected to one of the main synods in the North.

(Photo credit: R. Andrew Myers)

(Photo credit: R. Andrew Myers)

Walking through the woods on a sunny day, despite the open-air nature of the structures, one can easily feel as though they were transported in time to a place where crowds assembled to hear the faithful preaching of God’s Word, or gathered simply to hear godly books read and discussed.

Samuel Morris Reading Room (photo credit: R. Andrew Myers).

Samuel Morris Reading Room (photo credit: R. Andrew Myers).

The past is not dead, as we say, and here especially the history of colonial Presbyterianism is very much alive in the midst of the central Virginia woods. If you can visit, this historical site is well worth your time. Meanwhile, take time to read the works of Samuel Davies, to better understand the ministry of the Word that once resounded from the pulpit here. The legacy of an 18th century Presbyterian revival speaks to us today in the 21st century.

(Photo credit: R. Andrew Myers)

(Photo credit: R. Andrew Myers)

Resolutions of C.W. Grafton

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Known as a “country preacher,” Cornelius Washington Grafton (1846-1934), was a long-serving faithful pastor (see the link to the Log College Press edition of his A Forty-Three Year Pastorate in a Country Church here and below) at Union Church Presbyterian Church in Jefferson County, Mississippi. Appended to the end of an August 1871 sermon we find written by Rev. Grafton his personal resolve to live a godly life. It is recorded by his biographer Allen Cabaniss in Life and Thought of a Country Preacher (1942), pp. 111-112:

As a member of the redeemed family of God and a traveller to eternity it is my desire to live above the world, devoted heart and soul to the service of God. To this end I would use every lawful means and employ every agency that I may be a good workman in the great vineyard. I would make every faculty of my body, mind, and spirit and my whole life, domestic, social, and public, subordinate to the same end and flow in that channel whose end is perfect peace. The body and mind with all their members, thoughts, and affections must be controlled and yield implicitly to well-regulated laws. With good motives the following are presented for my own consideration and conduct.

The body being the medium through which the mind operates, a mere instrument, should be taught implicit obedience to the will. Hence all the avenues of ingress and egress must be closely guarded and strictly watched that no enemy may come in and none of its powers withdrawn. An enemy coming in will poison and defile — its power withdrawn, it is left weakened, and in either case disqualified from performing its functions as a ready servant.

All those natural propensities, half-physical and half-mental, which act through the mind, must be held with an iron grasp and chained under the power of reason. Otherwise the body as the instrument will take the government, and the will and reason will totter from their thrones. Semper vigilate. In vitii primordia bellum gerito.

The law of analogy is found to prevail in the world of mind as well as in matter. As the body and soul must be governed, so must the mind. The will, the motive power, must sway the mind as well as the body, and any triumph of the faculties over the will weakens the mental discipline. Hence all the avenues leading to the mind must be closely guarded, or the enemy will come in and poison and defile.

In the province of the sentiments reason must control all except the sentiment of love. Nothing must rise superior to the divine passion, yet prayer must be made that this passion sanctified may not run counter to reason, but that each to the other may be a mutual help. Reason must rule all the faculties, but love may sit upon her head and pour over her the sweetest incense and perfume all her acts. Esto perpetua dulcis sententia.

In domestic life let my heart never indulge a drop of bitterness for my faithful love. My heart is her home. Let her dwell there in peace and happiness and preserve it pure. Avoid the slightest symptom or approach to infidelity in the solemn betrothals, and let me never indulge one thought or feeling which would stain her bright name and bring pain to her love. In the future I will inscribe in the sanctum of our chamber Parvulum Coelum and in feeling and affection make it a reality. Deus salvator, gratium habeamus.

Te Deum laudemus. Tibi laus, gloria, honorque mortalium et immortalium, Pater noster, hinc atque in sempiterno, …

Here we have the resolutions of a Southern Presbyterian pastor who strived to keep body and mind under that he would not be disqualified as a servant of Christ (1 Cor. 9:27), and aimed to keep all his thoughts captive to God’s glory (2 Cor. 10:5). In this way, his heart was to be the home of divine love, that is, a small heaven, while on his earthly journey to heaven above. May it be so with each of us who are also travellers to eternity.

Reading C. C. Jones' The History of the Church of God - Chapter 2 - On Marriage

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We have been blogging through C. C. Jones’ book The History of the Church of Christ slowly but surely (find past posts here). The design of the book is “to unfold the institutions and doctrines and  ordinances of the Church as they are revealed throughout the entire Scriptures, at the precise time that they first appear in the History…” (20). Thus in chapter 2, he examines the creation ordinance of marriage.

He lays down a large number of passages throughout the Bible that speak to the way God watched over the marriage relationship, forbade violations of its purity, regulated it strictly when polygamy blemished it, and restored it to its original form in the days of Jesus Christ. God’s providence keeps in step with His word, ensuring that there is an equitable number of males and females at marriageable ages, and stretching forth his hand against those who would transgress his law. Marriage shows itself written on the hearts of men, as all nations “attach a peculiar value and sacredness to it” (21).

The ordinance of marriage is the foundation of all societies and governments, and it “partakes also of the nature of a civil institution,” as seen by God’s regulations regarding it when the Church was a state under the old covenant. Jones notes that these laws have been adopted to some extent in all civilized and Christianized nations, and that any attempt to contravene God’s laws have only led to misery, for such efforts are “a direct assault upon the very nature of man itself, a blow levelled at his social peace and prosperity, an attach upon the order and purity of society, and an infidel trampling under foot of the law of God, which will meet with rebuke and sore punishment at [God’s] hands” (22). He reminds us of the sobering words of I Timothy 4:1-3 that class forbidding marriage with “doctrines of demons,” and points out the Roman Catholics as the most glaring offenders in this respect.

Jones sees marriage as “the most tender, perfect, and intimate union formed among mortals,” from the following reasons: 1) the peculiar manner of Eve’s creation; 2) from Adam’s reception of Eve from the hand of God; 3) from the union being voluntary, founded upon mutual esteem and affection – which “ an inalienable right in, and possession of each other’s persons, and of each other’s services and property, for mutual enjoyment, comfort, and support, while spared together in life” (23); and 4) from the union being compared to the union of Christ and the Church.

Marriage is not obligatory on any but those to whom it is given, but it is permanent upon all who enter it – neither “difference of age, or standing, or from contrariety of temper, or intemperance, or feebleness of health, or loss of reason, or for unbelief, or heresy, or schism, or diversity of faith, [may] ever be admitted to effect a dissolution” (24). Jones comments upon Paul’s words in I Corinthians 7, which some suppose are a discouragement to marriage. He disagrees, for he deems that verse 26 makes it clear that Paul was dealing with a specific distress that made marriage optional for that season. Yet even during that time marriage was not a sin (vs. 28), and was even doing well (vs. 38), and Paul’s aim in speaking as he did was to prevent those in that day from “trouble in the flesh” (vs. 28).

Jones comments on the laws of consanguinity and affinity found in Leviticus 18 and 20, as well as the exception that a man marry his dead brother’s wife, so as to raise up an offspring to his brother. Jones ties the latter to the coming of the Christ, explaining that its design was “to preserve distinct the families of the descendants of Abraham, and so render perfect and clear the genealogy of our Lord, and the fulfillment of the promise that He should be of the seed of Abraham” (25). Once Christ had come, there was no longer a necessity for the exception. But the laws of consanguinity and affinity, Jones argues, were not ceremonial and thus temporary. His remarks are worth citing in full, given the unfamiliarity of the church today with the Scriptural basis of Westminster Confession of Faith 24.4:

[The laws of consanguinity and affinity] form no part of the ceremonial law instituted by Moses, but is wholly moral in its origin and design, which were to preserve the people of God from the corrupt practices of the heathen, as expressly stated in Leviticus 18:24-30 and 20:22, 23; and to furnish the Church in all ages with a law regulating a matter of so great importance, which otherwise would have been left in confusion and perplexity. In this light is the law interpreted and applied in the New Testament, and is thereby acknowledged and established as the law of the Church under the New as well as the Old Dispensation. The reference made is by the Apostle Paul in 1 Cor. 5:1. He brands the connection, the marriage of a son with a stepmother, as incest, and says it is such incest “as is not so much as named among the Gentiles,” and condemns the transgressor to excommunication (verses 2-5)! By what law? The law of nature? Nay, verily, but by the law of God, given to His Church ages before. The prohibition of this very connection is found in Leviticus 18:8, and 20:11; and moreover this very case is singled out and cursed in the curses afterwards to be uttered from Mount Ebal. Deuteronomy 27:20. If the law in Leviticus is not the law of God’s Church, then has the Church no law at all upon so important a matter! And who can give a reason why the Lord should give a law regulating marriage to His Church of old, and of authority for centuries, and a law to distinguish His people from the heathen, and to preserve them from their pollutions, and now, in these latter days of brighter glory and perfection in that Church, that that law should be set aside! The propriety and necessity of the law are as strong as ever. The Church under the Old and the New Dispensation is one and the same, and this law once given has never been repealed, but confirmed by an Apostle, and consequently remains in force. (26-27)

Jones closes the chapter by observing the ends of marriage: to promote 1) the happiness of mankind; 2) the legitimate propagation of our species; 3) the perpetuation of a pure, holy, and honorable seed in the Church; and 4) the purity of life and manners on the earth. One of the purposes that marriage does not have is to be a sacrament, declares Jones. First, a sacrament is for the Church alone – but marriage is common to all mankind. Second, a sacrament has an outward sign of an inward grace – marriage has neither. Third, a sacrament represents Christ and the benefits of the new covenant – marriage represents neither in a sacramental sense, argues Jones, notwithstanding Paul’s words in Ephesians 5:22-23. These verses no more make marriage a sacrament than John 15:1-6 makes a vine a sacrament, or any other passage that compares the relationship between Jesus and His people to some created thing makes that thing a sacrament. Jones notes the irony of Roman Catholics asserting that marriage is a sacrament, but then excluding their priests from it, and stigmatizing it as unclean. A sacrament is for all God’s people, and none may be excluded.

With this Jones lays down his pen on the topic of marriage, and readies it to reflect on the covenant of works in the garden of Eden. To be continued…

 

A Prayer for the Sabbath Morn - Robert Dabney Bedinger

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A prayer for the Sabbath morning by Presbyterian missionary Robert Dabney Bedinger (1885-1970), as recorded from his diary (late 1920’s in the Belgian Congo, Africa) in “Mary Dabney’s” Light in Darkness, p. 128:

My dear Father - God:

On this Sabbath morn I come into Thy Holy Presence. Give me the true attitude of prayer. Enable me to realize that Thou art near and listening; to appreciate the solemnity of approaching Thy majesty and greatness. May I humble myself before Thee. Thou art the great Eternal, the One and Only God - the Maker of the universe and all therein. I praise Thee for Thy goodness, love, mercy, longsuffering, patience, grace, peace; for the gift of Thy Son, Jesus my Lord, I thank Thee for Thy written revealed will for me and all mankind. Give me a deeper love and reverence for it. May I store it up in my mind and heart and practice it all my life.

I praise Thee for the way that Thy truth has gone out into all the earth; that it meets the needs of men everywhere; that it reveals Thyself in Thy matchless love and shows forth a Saviour mighty to save and to help; that this Saviour has touched the lives of so many here in this land of darkness.